Spectrophotometric analysis of a penny free essay sample

Once we have gathered that information, we will use the results in the other two experiments. The purpose of the second experiment is to obtain a calibration curve based on different concentrations and absorptions. The purpose of the last experiment is to determine the copper content in a penny. Pennies minted in the United States no longer contain pure copper metal. This change was due to the fact that the cost of copper metal required to produce a penny was higher than the face value of the penny. Pennies now consist of a copper coating on a core that contains primarily zinc metal. The percentage of copper in a penny is now about 2. 5% We will also be dealing with complex ions. Complex ions are formed by the bonding of a metal atom to two or more ligands by coordinate covalent bonds. A ligand is a neutral molecule attached to the central metal ion in a complex ion. We will write a custom essay sample on Spectrophotometric analysis of a penny or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the simplest term, complex ion has a metal ion at its center with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it. Many of these are highly colored due to their ability to absorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the first experiment, we will first dissolve a penny in a concentrated solution of nitric acid, HNO3. In aqueous solution, most of the first-row transition metals form octahedral complex ions with water as their ligands as shown for copper: Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) + 4 H2O(l) Cu(H2O)62+(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 NO3-(aq) Once our penny has been dissolved, we will then convert the aquated copper complex ions to their tetraamine complex ions : Cu(H2O)62+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)42+(aq) + 6 H2O(l) We will then be allowed to detect the presence of Cu(NH3)42+ ion by its characteristic deep-blue color, and you can measure its intensity with a spectrophotometer as a way to determine the percentage of copper in a penny. Since copper is a transitional metal, it has colored compounds due their partially filled d orbitals. To better explain how the blue color is emitted, a white light hits a transition metal compound and a certain color of radiation is absorbed. The absorption of energy excites the electrons and splits up the electrons in the d orbitals. This is called the splitting of the d orbitals. As we learned in a previous lab called electromagnetic spectrum, the electrons are unstable at their excited state so they must come back down to their original state. When the electrons go back to their original state, they release the energy absorbed as light. Since copper absorbs yellow radiation, the color it emits is commentary to the radiation color. In this case, since blue is opposite from yellow on the color wheel, blue will be the color visible to the human eye. To do this part of the experiment, we must construct a calibration curve that relates the measured absorbance, A, to known concentrations of Cu(NH3)42+ ion using the Beer-Lambert Law: A = a? b? c The Beer–Lambert law, also known as Beers law or the Lambert–Beer law or the Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law (named after August Beer, Johann Heinrich Lambert, and Pierre Bouguer) relates the absorption of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling. It is the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of an absorber of electromagnetic radiation. The law states that there is a logarithmic dependence between the transmission of light through a substance and the product of the absorption coefficient of the substance, and the distance the light travels through the material. In simplest terms, Beer’s Law is a physical law stating that the quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a non-absorbing solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light. In order to get a calibration curve, you will need to plot your points and get the best fit line. This will give you a slope. The slope is the molar absorptivity constant because it is related to absorbance and concentration. When you plot five concentrations and absorbance readings, you can determine the molar absorptivity constant. The calibration curve will allow us to solve for x using the given Beer’s Law formula. In this experiment, we will be using percent yields instead of theoretical yields. A percent yield is the end results you get after preforming an experiment. The method to find the percent error is to subtract the theoretical yield from the experimental yield and divide your answer by the theoretical yield and multiply by 100%. This will be used to calculate how much copper was in the penny we are dissolving. % error = | your result accepted value | x 100 % accepted value Procedure: As stated in the lab manual 1. Obtain a penny minted, and RECORD the physical properties mass, thickness, diameter, year minted, city minted (D or P), appearance of penny) in your data table. Place your penny in a 100 mL or 150 mL beaker and label the beaker; and obtain a watch glass to rest on top of the beaker. 2. In the fume hood you will measure out 20 mL of 8 M HNO3 in a graduated cylinder and add it to the beaker containing the penny. Cover the beaker with the watch glass. The reaction of the copper and zinc metals in the penny with HNO3 is quite vigorous so you will not need to stir the reaction. RECORD your observations of the reaction, and allow the reaction to go to completion in the fume hood. 3. Fill a 100 mL volumetric flask approximately half way with distilled water. In the fume hood, add your HNO3 – penny solution. Add distilled water to the mark, cover the flask and invert several times to mix. 4. Obtain a clean 10 mL volumetric flask, and using a 1 mL volumetric pipet, transfer 0. 80 mL of the penny solution. 5. In the fume hood, add about 0.8 mL of 15 M NH3 carefully from the buret until the light-blue precipitate that initially forms dissolves and a deep-blue solution results. Then, fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, cover and invert several times to mix. 6. Using the same procedure you did for the standard solutions, measure the absorbance of the solution. 7. Repeat steps 16 through 19 two more times. These results f rom each trial should be very close to each other. Record these values in your data table. 8. Discard the remaining solutions in the labeled waste container in the fume hood. Rinse the flasks with small portions of tap water and discard the rinses. Data: Part I Wavelength (nm) Absorption (A) Wavelength (nm) Absorption (A) 440 .45 580 1. 350 3 .100 600 1. 420 480 .226 620 1. 440 500 .400 640 1. 360 520 .628 660 1. 230 540 .925 680 1. 100 560 1. 170 700 .955 Wavelength with maximum absorbance on spectrophotometer (nm) 620 Part II Concentration of copper (II) nitrate solution (M) Wavelength setting on the spectrophotometer (nm) Flask mL 0. 40 M Cu2+ Distilled H2O (mL) Concentration Absorbance of Cu(NH3)42+ 1 .2 9 .004m .282 2 .4 9. 2 .008m.528 3 .6 9. 4 .012m .825 4 .8 9. 6 .016m 1. 090 5 1. 0 9. 8 .02m 1. 380 Properties of the penny Mass (g) Thickness (nm) Diameter (nm) 2. 502 g 1. 1 nm 19. 02 nm Year City 1984 Denver Trial Absorbance Average Absorbance 1 .106 .092 2 .079 3 .092 Appearance of reacted penny/ammonia solution: The appearance of the penny that reacted with the ammonia solution went from a brown copper color to a blue/green color. While it was d issolving, there brown smoke like gas forming at the top of the lid. The bottom of the flask also got very hot to the touch. Data Analysis: 1. Plot absorbance (y-axis) versus the concentration of the Cu(NH3)42+ ion from part II. Add a best fit line (trend line) and determine the slope of the line. Print the graph in â€Å"portrait† orientation and attach as page 2. Show that the slope of the line is equal to the molar absorptivity, a, of the Cu(NH3)42+ ion at this wavelength. Include proper units. Slope: 65. 94 concentration/absorbance 2. From the average absorbance of your penny samples, and the line equation from your standard curve, calculate the concentration of the Cu(NH3)42+ ion in your sample from the penny. The ammonia molecules attach slowly, and in between each attachment, there is a chemical equilibrium. The more ammonia is added, the more complex is formed, as the equilibrium is pushed to the product side. The blue color is the result of the complex absorbing light in the visible light spectrum, and having a concentration high enough for the eyes to detect. 7. If the atomic radius of a copper atom is 1. 28 x 10-8 cm, how many atoms thick is the copper coating on your penny? R = 1. 28 x 10^-8 cm (2) = d = 2. 56 x 10^-8 cm Thickness in atoms = 9. 11 x 10^-4 cm/ 2. 56 x 10^-8 = 35623. 8 atoms Error Analysis: 8. What assumptions were made in the experiment and in the calculations? We assumed that the reaction would go to completion and that we would get a close to accurate calculation. 9. Research the actual percent copper in a penny. Calculate your percent error for the percent of copper in the penny. Comment on any significant sources of error. l1. 8-2. 5/2. 5l x 100%=28% error Conclusion: Up to mid-1982, cents were about 98% copper. Since our penny was made in 1984, it had a low percentage of copper contained in it. The rest was made out of tin and/ or zinc depending on the year of issue. In the middle of 1982 the price of copper shot up so the mint changed to coin’s composition to pure zinc core with a plating of copper so that the color would be identical to prior issues. The copper plating makes up about 2. 5% of the coin’s weight. Since our copper came to 1. 9%, we concluded that the experiment was done correctly minus a few errors. Discussion: Our experiment went really well considering our copper percentage was close to that of the actual percentage. Although we had a 28% error, it could have been accounted for during the experiment. There was a possibility that we did not measure our penny accurately or that we did not let the reaction go to 100% completion. Overall our data was sufficient and our results proved we performed the experiment correctly. Questions: N/A MSDS: Chemical Names: Nitric acid Formula: HNO3 Molecular Wt: 63. 01 Clear, colourless or yellowish liquid with an acrid, suffocating odour. Hygroscopic. Will not burn. During a fire, nitric acid decomposes with the release of corrosive nitrogen oxide gases. Closed containers may develop pressure on prolonged exposure to heat. STRONG OXIDIZER. Contact with combustible and easily oxidizable materials may result in fire and/or explosion. Highly reactive. May react violently or explosively and/or ignite spontaneously with many organic and inorganic chemicals. Releases extremely flammable hydrogen gas on contact with many metals, particularly in powered form. Generates heat when mixed with water. Nitric acid poses a very serious inhalation hazard. Symptoms of exposure include dryness of the nose and throat, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Causes lung injury-effects may be delayed. CORROSIVE to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Causes severe burns. May cause permanent eye injury or blindness and permanent scarring. Chemical Name: Ammonia, Anhydrous Synonyms: Ammonia Formula: NH3 MOL. WT. : 17. 03(NH3) Ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. May cause severe burns to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure. Additional References: Spectrophotometric Analysis of A Penny Lab http://www2. volstate. edu/chem/1110/CopperClad. htm Clark, J. (2003). An introduction to complex metal ions. Retrieved from http://www. chemguide. co. uk/inorganic/complexions/whatis. html

John Donne- A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, Pseudo-Marty essays

John Donne- A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, Pseudo-Marty essays John Donne is known today as being the chief writer of verse known as metaphysical poetry, which features elaborate conceits and surprising symbols, wrapped up in original, challenging language structures. John Donne was born to a Roman Catholic family in 1572 on Bread Street in London. Although he was born to a well-known Catholic family, he later converted to Anglicanism during the 1590s. His father died when he was only four and left him and his other two siblings to be raised by their mother. Donne learned his first years of education form Jesuits, but at the age of 11, he entered the University of Oxford. He only studied there for three years before transferring to the University of Cambridge, where he spent the next three years studying. However, he did not receive a degree from either of these universities because he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required to graduate. He began to question his faith when his brother gave shelter to a proscribed Catholic priest and was a rrested. His brother died in prison due to a fever in 1593. Soon after, he began his first writings and first book of poems, Satires, which is considered one of his most important literary works. By 1598, his career in law was becoming successful, however, in 1601, he secretly married seventeen-year-old Anne More, and thus destroyed his flourishing career. For the next twelve years, he struggled to support his growing family. He made a meager living as a lawyer, but received some assistance from friends and family to make ends meet. Donne continued to write and as he approached forty, he published two anti-Catholic polemics Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius His Conclave. In 1615, Donne unwillingly joined the ministry and later that year was appointed Royal Chaplain. 160 of his sermons survive in completion today. Anne Donne died just two years later after she gave birth to the couples twelfth child, a stillborn. Only 7 of their children actually outlived ...

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History

Dates and Cities of the Olympic Games Throughout History The Modern Olympic Games began in 1896, 1,503 years after the ancient Olympics were abolished. Held every four years- with a few exceptions (during  World War I  and  World War II)- these Games have brought camaraderie across borders and around the world. The athletes within each of these Olympic Games have undergone hardship and struggle. Some overcame poverty, while others overcame sickness and injury. Yet each gave their all and competed to see who was the fastest, strongest and best in the world. Discover the unique story of each of the Olympic Games. 1896 Athens Olympics The first Modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece during the first weeks of April 1896. The 241 athletes who competed represented only 14 countries and wore their athletic club uniforms instead of national uniforms. Of the 14 countries in attendance, eleven have officially been declared in awards records: Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.   1900 Paris Olympics The second Modern Olympic Games took place in Paris from May to October 1900 as part of the World Exhibition. The games were riddled with disorganization and were under-publicized. 997 athletes from 24 countries competed.   1904 St. Louis Olympics The  Games of the III Olympiad were held in St. Louis, Mo. from August to  September 1904. Due to tensions from the  Russo-Japanese War and complications in getting to the United States, only 62 of the 650 athletes who competed came from outside North America. Only  12 to 15 nations were represented.   Unofficial 1906 Athens Olympics Intended to reinvigorate interest in the Olympic Games after the 1900 and 1904 games yielded little fanfare, the Athens Games of 1906 were the first and only Intercalated Games, which had been meant to exist every four years (between regular Games) and only take place in Athens, Greece.  The president of the Modern Olympics declared the 1906 Games unofficial after the fact.   1908 London Olympics Originally slated for Rome, the fourth official Olympic Games was moved to London in the wake of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. These games were the first to feature an opening ceremony and considered the most organized yet.   1912 Stockholm Olympics The fifth official Olympic Games featured the use of electric timing devices and a public address system for the first time. Over 2,500 athletes competed representing 28 countries. These games are still heralded as one of the most organized to date.   The 1916 Olympics Due to rising tensions of World War I, the Games were canceled. They were originally scheduled for Berlin.   1920 Antwerp Olympics The VII Olympiad took place immediately after World War I, resulting in several countries decimated by the war not being able to compete. These Games marked the first appearance of the Olympic flag. 1924 Paris Olympics At the request and honor of retiring IOC president and founder  Pierre de  Coubertin, the  VIII Olympiad was held in his home city of Paris from May to July 1924. The first Olympic Village and Olympic Closing Ceremony marked new features of these Games.   1928 Amsterdam Olympics The IX Olympiad featured several new games, including gymnastics for women and mens track and field events, but most notably the IOC added the Olympics Torch and lighting ceremonies to the Games repertoire this year.  3,000 athletes from  46 countries participated.   1932 Los Angeles Olympics With the world currently experiencing the effects of the Great Depression, traveling to California for the X Olympiad seemed insurmountable, resulting in low response rates from countries invited. Domestic ticket sales also did poorly despite a small bump from celebrities who volunteered to entertain the crowds. Only 1,300 athletes participated, representing 37 countries.   1936 Berlin Olympics Without knowing Hilter would rise to power, the IOC awarded Berlin the Games in 1931.  This sparked international debate about boycotting the Games, but 49 countries ended up competing. These were the first televised games.   The Olympics in 1940 and 1944 Originally slated for  Tokyo, Japan, threats to boycott due to Japans war-mongering and Japans concern the Games would distract from their military goal led to the IOC  awarding  Helsinki, Finland the Games. Unfortunately, due to the outbreak of WWII in 1939, the games were canceled altogether. The IOC did not schedule a 1944 Olympic Games because of World War IIs continued devastation around the world.   1948 London Olympics Despite much debate over whether to continue the Games after World War II, the XIV Olympiad was held in London from July to August 1948 with a few post-war modifications. Japan and Germany, the aggressors of WWII, were not invited to compete. The Soviet Union, though invited, declined to participate.   1952 Helsinki Olympics The XV Olympiad in Helsinki, Finland saw the addition of the Soviet Union,  Israel, and the Peoples Republic of China to countries competing.  The Soviets set up their own Olympic Village for Eastern Bloc athletes and a feeling of east versus west mentality permeated the atmosphere of these Games.   1956 Melbourne Olympics These games were held in November and December as the first Games to take place in the Southern Hemisphere. Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon protest the Games because of Israels invasion of Egypt and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland boycotted because of the Soviet Unions invasion of Budapest, Hungary.   1960 Rome Olympics The XVII Olympiad in Rome returned the Games to their origin country for the first time in over 50 years due to the relocation of the 1908 Games. It was also the first time the Games were fully televised and the first time the Olympic Anthem was used. This was the last time South Africa was allowed to compete for 32 years (until apartheid ended).   1964 Tokyo Olympics The  XVIII Olympiad marked the first use of computers to keep results of competitions and the first games South Africa was barred from for its racist policy of apartheid.  5,000 athletes competed from 93 countries.  Indonesia and  North Korea did not participate.   1968 Mexico City The Games of the XIX Olympiad were marred by political unrest. 10 days before the Opening Ceremony,  the Mexican army shot over 1,000 student protestors, killing 267 of them. The Games continued with little comment on the issue, and during an award ceremony for winning Gold and Bronze for the 200-meter race, two U.S. athletes raised a single black-gloved hand in salute to the Black Power movement, resulting in being barred from the Games.   1972 Munich Olympics The XX Olympiad is most remembered for the Palestinian terrorist attack that resulted in the death of 11 Israeli athletes. Despite this, the Opening Ceremonies continued a day later than scheduled and 7,000 athletes from 122 countries competed.   1976 Montreal Olympics 26 African countries boycotted the XXI Olympiad due to New Zealand playing independent rugby games against still-apartheid South Africa in the years leading up to the 1976 Games.  Accusations (mostly unproven) were waged against several athletes suspected of using anabolic steroids to enhance performance. 6,000 athletes competed representing only 88 countries.   1980 Moscow Olympics The XXII Olympiad marks the first and only Games to take place in Eastern Europe.  65 countries boycotted the games due to the Soviet Unions war in Afghanistan.  An Olympic Boycott Games known as the Liberty Bell Classic was held at the same time in Philadelphia to host competitors from those countries who boycotted.   1984 Los Angeles Olympics In response to the United States boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games, the Soviet Union and 13  other countries boycotted the Los Angeles-based XXIII Olympiad.  These Games also saw the return of China for the first time since 1952.   1988 Seoul Olympics Angered that the IOC did not nominate them to co-host the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, North Korea attempted to rally countries in a boycott but only succeeded in convincing allies  Ethiopia, Cuba, and Nicaragua. These Games marked a return to their international popularity. 159 countries competed, represented by 8,391 athletes.   1992 Barcelona Olympics Because of a ruling in 1994 by the IOC to make the Olympic Games (including Winter Games) occur in alternating even-numbered years, this was the last year both Summer and Winter Olympic Games took place in the same year.  It was also the first since 1972 to be unaffected by boycotts.  9,365 athletes competed, representing 169 countries. Nations of the former Soviet Union joined under The Unified  Team consisting of 12 of the former 15 republics.   1996 Atlanta Olympics The XXVI Olympiad marked the centennial of the Games founding in 1896.  was the first to occur without government support, which led to a commercialization of the Games. A pipe bomb that exploded in  Atlantas Olympic Park killed two people, but motive and perpetrator were never determined. A record 197 countries and 10,320 athletes competed.   2000 Sydney Olympics Praised as one of the best games in Olympic history, the XXVII Olympiad played host to 199 countries and was relatively unaffected by the controversy of any type.  The United States earned the most medals, followed by Russia, China, and Australia.   2004 Athens Olympics Security and terrorism were at the center of preparation for the XXVIII Olympiad in Athens, Greece due to the rising international conflict in the wake of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001.  These Games saw the rise of Michael Phelps, who earned 6 gold medals in swimming events.   2008 Beijing Olympics Despite protests for host Chinas actions in Tibet, the XXIX Olympiad continued as planned. 43 world and 132 Olympic records were set by 10,942 athletes representing 302 National Olympics Committees (countries organized into one represented team). Of those who competed in the Games, an impressive 86 countries medaled (earned at least one medal) at these Games.   2012 London Olympics Becoming the hosts with the most, Londons XXX Olympiad marked the most times a single city has hosted the Games (1908, 1948 and 2012).  Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time with additions from the year totaling 22 career Olympic medals. The United States earned the most medals, with China and Great Britain taking second and third place.   2016 Rio De Janeiro Olympics The XXXI Olympiad marked the first competition for new entrants  South Sudan, Kosovo, and the Refugee Olympic Team.  Rio is the first South American country to host the Olympic Games.  Instability of the countrys government, pollution of its bay, and a Russian doping scandal-marred preparation for the Games. The United States earned its 1,000th Olympic medal during these games and earned the most of the XXIV Olympiad, followed by Great Britain and China. Brazil finished 7th overall. 2020 Tokyo Olympics The IOC awarded Tokyo, Japan the XXXII Olympiad on September 7, 2013. Istanbul and Madrid were also up for candidacy. The games are scheduled to begin July 24 and end August 9, 2020.

DEBATE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DEBATE - Essay Example Tyson 42) Accordingly, the studies do not control do not control for legitimate differences in compensation since qualifications, seniority, merit and business activity related factors are linked to the pay gap between men and women. According to estimates, there is no appreciable difference in men and women’s pay since ‘legitimate’ differences account for the insignificant pay gap. The federal law requires employers to prevent discrimination in their employment activities and provide healthy and safe working environment. For instance, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1967 provides for equal opportunities for the minority groups while the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission investigates instances of unequal treatment or discriminatory practices in employment matters (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 66). The Equal Pay Act 1963 requires for equal pay for men and women performing the same jobs while Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 prohibits discrimination of women on the basis of pregnancy (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 65). According to 2013 statistics, women were paid 78 percent of what men were paid and all the US states experience pay gaps between men and women (Tyson 41). The worst state was Louisiana where women were paid 66 percent of what men were paid. The pay gap is even worse for minority group women since Hispanic women are paid only 54 percent of what men are paid. The women are paid less in both male and female dominated occupations and pay gap is higher for aged women since women aged more than 35 years receive only 75 to 80 percent of what men are paid (Tyson 63). In this case, HR managers must conduct pay audits in order to remedy the pay differentials while women employees must utilize their negotiation skills to attain fair pay. The federal policy makers should consider enacting new legislation that will curb pay gap (Tyson 65). The opponents of pay gap outline that women have surpassed men in college and university

DIS7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DIS7 - Essay Example However, the state and local pension experts oppose GASB’s requirements; since the inclusion of pension liability in the balance sheet will mean its being treated as a long-term financial obligation, like bonds and claims (GASB, 2010). This is detrimental to the accounting procedures, since the pension accounted for in the balance sheet is the amount payable and paid every year. The Statement No. 60 changed reporting requirements for joint ventures and related organizations by requiring that both parties in the joint venture or other such arrangements should report their portion of revenues received, as opposed to an earlier practice where the revenue of such ventures were reported jointly under single financial statements (GASB, 2010). The statement also requires such ventures to disclose their arrangements, including the assets, rights, guarantees, liabilities and commitments. The statement sought to improve the accounting practices by improving disclosures, while at the same time creating similarity and comparability between the financial statements of the non-governmental and governmental entities (GASB, 2010). However, the statement complicates the financial reporting for joint ventures and other such organizations, and should be improved through retaining the requirements for disclosure, but eliminating separate financial reporting requirement for the parties involved jointly. .LIFO should not be a valid inventory valuation method under IFRS, because it may not give the exact stock valuation. On the event of rising stock prices, LIFO results to the understatement of the value of closing stock. This, on the other hand, raises the valuation of the costs of goods sold; resulting to a reduction in the reported profits (Bloom & Cenker, 2009). Therefore, the consequences of US companies to using LIFO, if they move to IFRS, is that the profits earned will always be

Two-Factor Authentication Essay Example for Free

Two-Factor Authentication Essay According to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, verifying someones identity online involves at least one of a few factors. These factors are the following: Information the Person Knows This could be a username and password combination, social security number, a PIN they chose, or something else that the person could know but others wouldnt. Something the person is able to Physically Posses A good of this is the persons ATM card. A more secure physical factor could be a use flash device with a key on it. The final factor that can be used is something unique to that person only, a Biometric Fingerprints and Rental Scans are examples of this. Â  The difference between single and multi-factor authentication is that single factor would only use one of these, like a username/password combination, which could be easily stolen through a variety of methods both local and remote to that persons physical location (keygrabbers, network sniffing, trojans, observation, brute force attacks, or just loose lips). Multi-factor authentication requires at least one other input. Therefore an example of two-factor authentication would be having to enter your username and a password and also your ATM card number and security code from the back, or a fingerprint scan and entering your ATM card number, or even all three for three factor authentication. The FDIC feels that financial institutions should be using two-factor authentication. There have been a number of recommendations made to the financial institution industry, and most large banks and investment houses are now using two-factor. The bank should definitely be using multi-factor authentication. Two-factor authentication will not only protect their customers, but it will help protect them against liability in the event that one of their customers does have their identity stolen. Since they are a small bank, budget will be a serious consideration when making the switch to two-factor authentication. A method that has been used in the government and military, and that is now easily accessible is the use of a hardware sequential number generator. This involves the use of a small (cigarette lighter sized) device that generates a new unique number every few minutes. It is based off of a algorithm the bank computer knows and each person has their own unique seed number, so each persons numbers are unique to them. When they log in, they are asked for a username/password combination and the number off their hardware key. According to the FDIC this is now one of the most commonly used technologies used by online banking services. Considering that the bank is small, the above suggestion of a hardware key that generates one-time passwords is really the best option. However, USB fingerprint readers are not too expensive now, and using biometrics like this could be an option especially for business customers. The upside of the hardware key is that you can bring it with you wherever you go, but that brings up the downside that it can be stolen. Your fingerprints cannot be stolen so easily. Either way, two-factor authentication should be implemented as soon as possible to protect the bank and their customers.

Ancient Chinese Civilization Essay -- dynasties, China, technology, Ch

A significant part of the ancient Chinese civilization was that it shared a common background that is longer than any other ethnic group on Earth. China mostly isolated and unknown to the outside world, was quietly progressing at a rate greater than or equal to other notable civilizations of the prehistoric world. China was composed of several dynasties. The dynastic cycle played a definitive role in the successions of Chinese empires. Each era’s achievements and failures influenced the next. The combined contributions from all the regimes, not only led to the success and progress of China, but defined it as well. Technological discoveries, inventions, creations and its ability to adapt all participate in its maturity. The evolution of ancient Chinese dynasties provided the cultural, economical and governmental structure that developed and shaped their country into one of the marvels of ancient times. The governmental structure of the Chinese dynasties evolved with each changing regime. Even the title of king, as was called in the beginning, changed to emperor because it was not grand enough. Each dynasty had the king or emperor as the head of its government. They had supreme power over the economy, government, military, and religious beliefs of the country. The empires used a centralized bureaucracy that had overall control over the country. They learned vast amount from this form of government, each reign modified its structure accordingly, ranging from very strict to almost a hands-off approach. It was not replaced with any other form government; it simply evolved into what was suitable for each period. As the country expanded and became too vast for one man to rule, a feudal system was created, similar to the ones in ancien... ...guage, paper, the decimal system, nautical steering rudder and the use of negative numbers in mathematics to name a few are highlights of this nation’s cultural development and contributions to the world. China has the oldest surviving civilization in the world, lasting over 4,000 years. Its uniqueness was its stability. Ancient dynasties absorbed culture, economy and governmental structure from each other. It was the foundation of their civilization. History has revealed China’s enduring heritage and perseverance to preserve its society. Chinese technological advancements not only helped its nation and people, but also, influenced the development of other countries as well. Many of the systems from thousands of years ago are still a part of Chinese culture today. Works Cited John P McKay. History of World Societies. Palgrave; 9th Revised edition 2012

Biography of Jean Jacques Rosseau

Rousseau was born in Geneva, the son of a watchmaker. His mother died shortly after his birth, and his aunt and uncle raised him. At 16 he set out on into the world which brought him into contact with Louise de Warens, who became his patron and later his lover. She arranged for his trip to Turin, where he became a Roman Catholic convert. After serving as a footman in a powerful family, he left Turin and spent most of the next dozen years at Chambery, In 1742 he went to Paris to make his fortune with a new system of musical notation, but he failed. Once in Paris, however, he became friends with Denis Diderot. Diderot later commissioned Rousseau to write articles on music for Diderot†s Encyclopedia. In 1749, Rousseau won first prize in a contest, held by the Academy of Dijon, on the question: â€Å"Has the progress of the sciences and arts contributed to the corruption or to the improvement of human conduct? † In 1765 he was expelled from Bern and accepted the invitation of David Hume to live at his house in England; there he began to write the first part of his Confessions, but after a year he quarreled violently with Hume, whom he believed to be in league with Diderot and Grimm, and returned to France in 1767. After wandering through the provinces, he finally settled in Paris, where he lived in a garret and copied music. The French authorities left him undisturbed, while curious foreigners flocked to see the famous man and be insulted by him. At the same time he went from salon to salon, reading his Confessions aloud. In his last years he began Reveries du promeneur solitaire, descriptions of nature and his thoughts about it, which was unfinished at the time of his death. Shortly before his death Rousseau moved to the house of a protector at Ermenonville, near Paris, where he died. In 1794 his remains were transferred to the Pantheon in Paris. Few people in the Enlightenment Period equaled Rousseau†s influence on politics, literature and education. Rousseau†s thoughts begin with the fact the he believed we are good by nature but when put in society we begin become more disorganized. According to Rousseau, humanity†s only flaw was social behavior as he stated in his book â€Å"The Social Contract. † â€Å"But human nature does not go backward, and we never return to the times of innocence and equality, when we have once departed from them. † (The Social Contract, Book I, Ch. ) Going along with his idea of social order was Rousseau†s aim at freedom. He believed that the purpose of law and government was to expose the people†s wishes for the ideal government. Rousseau†s theory was, since the people decided if a ruler is fair or not, it was up to the society if the government was able to grant the people their liberty and well being. Basically, the government was only as strong as the people worked for it to be. If society didn†t like the tactics used by the ruler, the government would not gain control. Rousseau†s ideas on education are still used today. Rousseau outlined in his book, Emile, that education shouldn†t be viewed as trying to get a child to understand everything, but to draw out what was already in the child. Education was to be monitored and controlled very carefully and in the end, the process should result in the natural development of a child†s potential. Rousseau†s writings were always personal, describing his deeply keep secrets and thoughts. During the Enlightenment Period, Rousseau†s writings were incredibly popular. His book, Heloise, was one of the most popular and his book Confessions is still widely read today. His knowledge of musical theory was amazing because it was self-taught. Although his work did not have an effect on Enlightenment music, his compositions live on today. Rousseau†s influence on the Enlightenment was just as great as many of the more well know philosophs. Rousseau expanded on John Locke†s theory that a society has the right to question the authority of an unjust ruler. Rousseau highly influenced German and English romanticism, a movement in the 18th century that was marked by an emphasis on emotion and imagination. His thoughts about the rule of the government had a profound impact on French revolutionary thought. During the Enlightenment, people were beginning to become more independent and question authority. Society was starting to move away from conventional thinking and Rousseau social contract was the beginning to this revolution. Rousseau†s social contract was an addition to Thomas Hobbes†s social contract. Rousseau†s version stated that the contract was an agreement between free individuals to create a society and a government while Hobbes believed the ideal relationship was between a society and its government. Rousseau contributed greatly to the movement in Western Europe for individual freedom and against the absolutism of church and state. Rousseau†s ideas were a stepping-stone onto which the American colonists followed. Using Rousseau†s ideas on individual freedom, the colonists declared their independence from Great Britain and formed their own colonies. Rousseau†s ideas on education not only reflected the movements of his time, his ideas started a new movement. His thinking has not only influenced our ideas on education, they have formed the basis for what we believe in. Rousseau believed every child had the potential to become great, but it just a matter of releasing their knowledge. Teachers today use Rousseau†s thinking of allowing the free development of human potential to guide students through life. His ideas on education were new and different at the time. With these ideas, Rousseau added to the spirit of his time by creating new standards on education and learning. Rousseau†s thoughts can be summed up in a quote from his book, â€Å"The Social Contract,† (Book 2, Ch. 2) â€Å"Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains. Let us then admit that force does not create right, and that we are obliged to obey only legitimate powers. In that case, my original thought recurs, live free as equal individuals in a state of nature. â€Å"

Louisiana Coastal Wetlands: Restore or Retreat

Imagine returning to your Hometown 30 to 40 years from now to find it completely replaced by wetlands. This is the reality that many Louisiana natives living along the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico will have to face if coastal erosion continues at the pace it is going. Costello proclaims, â€Å"Since 1932, when the Department of Natural Resources began keeping thorough, accurate records, Louisiana has lost over 1,900 square miles or 1. 2 million acres of coastal land due to coastal erosion. (19). Loss of Louisiana’s coastal wetlands is a problem that will impact a wide range of individuals, from those living in metropolitan areas far away to those living in smaller cities along the shoreline. The resources that this ecosystem supplies are utilized nationwide. The United States is expected to lose billions of dollars from the seafood industry, oil and gas revenue, and commercial shipping if Louisiana’s coast disappears (â€Å"Turning the Tide: the Fight to Keep Coastal Louisiana on the Map†, 1). While the state makes up forty percent of the United State’s wetlands, it regrettably accounts for eighty percent of land loss (Williams 1). Louisiana’s wetlands are home to fish, plants, and other wild life exclusive to the area. Sadly, their habitat is steadily shrinking and exactly half of Louisiana’s original wetlands have already been lost over the past 200 years (Williams 1). Southern Louisiana is also residence to a unique, lively, and diverse group of people that can’t be found anywhere else in the world. They have an amazing culture that can be depicted in movies like Princess and the Frog, which will hopefully stay in tact in the midst of all the land loss. According to S. Jeffress Williams and the U. S. Geological Survey, â€Å"The swamps and marshes of coastal Louisiana are among the Nation's most fragile and valuable wetlands, vital not only to recreational and agricultural interests but also the State's more than $1 billion per year seafood industry†(1). Louisiana’s wetlands are 3 million acres, reaching 130 kilometers inland and stretching 300 kilometers along the coast (W illiams 1). It is the low-lying, swampy region that acts as the drainage basin connecting the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico (Costello 19). The Lower Mississippi River drains more than 24 million acres from seven states (Costello 19). Inhabitants have always been attracted to the region due to the vast range of resources available around the basin. Not to mention, residents were drawn in by the trade route and transportation that the Mississippi River had to offer in the 1700s (Costello 19). The fishing and shipping industries also provided many job opportunities, which made South Louisiana a very popular place to live (Costello 19). Bibliography Costello, Gina R. â€Å"Louisina Coastal Wetlands and Louisiana Coastal Grey Literature: Vanishing Treasures. † Maping Gray Resources for Coastal and Equatic Enviroments. Springer Science & Business Media B. V. , 1 August 2007. Web. 15 March 2011. â€Å"Turning the tide: the fight to keep coastal Louisiana on the map. † LouisianaDept. of Natural Resources, 2004. Web. 15 March. 2011. Williams, S. Jeffress. â€Å"Louisiana Coastal Wetlands: A Resource at Risk. † US Geological Survey Facts Sheet, 3 November 1995. Web. 15 March. 2011.

Selena Nguyen Essays (386 words) - Sewing, Clothing, Textile Arts

Selena Nguyen Essays (386 words) - Sewing, Clothing, Textile Arts Selena Nguyen 1/3/2018 The sewing machine The English inventor and cabinetmaker, Thomas Saint, wasissued the first patent for a complete machine for sewing in 1790. It is not known if Saint actually built a working prototype of his invention. The patent describes an awl that punched a hole in leather and passed a needle through the hole. It is known that when an attempt was made in the 1880s to produce a machine from Saint's drawings it would not work without modifications. Thomas Saint was born in the 1700s in Greenhill Rents parish of St. Sepulchre London, England. Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention, His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features. His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated, locking the stitch. Saint's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments and built a working machine, currently owned by the London Science Museum. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. The invention of the sewing machine freed women of this chore, liberated workers from poorly paid long hours in factories, and produced a wide variety of less expensive clothing. The industrial sewing machine made a range of products possible and affordable. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry.

Writing Your Graduate School Admissions Essay

Writing Your Graduate School Admissions Essay It should come as no surprise that most applicants do not enjoy drafting their graduate admissions essay. Writing a statement that tells a graduate admissions committee all about you and can potentially make or break your application is stressful. Take a different perspective, however, and you will find that your admissions essay is not as daunting as it seems. What is its Purpose? Your graduate school application provides the admissions committee with a great deal of information about you that cannot be found elsewhere in your graduate application. The other parts of your graduate school application tell the admissions committee about your grades (i.e., transcript), your academic promise (i.e., GRE scores), and what your professors think of you (i.e., recommendation letters). Despite all of this information, the admissions committee does not learn much about you as an individual. What are your goals? Why are you applying to graduate school? With so many applicants and so few slots, its critical that graduate admissions committees learn as much as possible about applicants so as to ensure that they choose students who best fit their program and are most likely to succeed and complete a graduate degree. Your admissions essay explains who you are, your goals, and the ways in which you match the graduate program to which you are applying. What Do I Write About? Graduate applications often ask that applicants write in response to specific statements and prompts. Most prompts ask applicants to comment on how their backgrounds have shaped their goals, describe an influential person or experience, or discuss their ultimate career goals. Some graduate programs request that applicants write a more generic autobiographical statement, most often referred to as a personal statement. What is a Personal Statement? A personal statement is a general statement of your background, preparation, and goals. Many applicants find it challenging to write a personal statement because there is no clear prompt to guide their writing. An effective personal statement conveys how your background and experiences have shaped your career goals, how you are well matched to your chosen career and provides insight into your character and maturity. No easy feat. If you are asked to write a generic personal statement, pretend that the prompt instead requires you to discuss how your experiences, interests, and abilities have lead you to your chosen career. Begin Your Admissions Essay by Taking Notes About Yourself Before you write your admissions essay you must have an understanding of your goals and how your experiences to date prepare you for pursuing your goals. A self-assessment is critical to gathering the information you need to write a comprehensive essay. You likely will not (and should not) use all of the information that you gather. Evaluate all of the information you gather and determine your priorities. Most of us have many interests, for example. Decide which are most important to you. As you consider your essay, plan to discuss the information that supports your goals and what is most important to you. Take Notes on the Graduate Program Writing an effective graduate admissions essay requires knowing your audience. Consider the graduate program at hand. What specific training does it offer? What is its philosophy? How well do your interests and goals match the program? Discuss the ways in which your background and competencies overlap with the graduate programs requirements and training opportunities. If youre applying to a doctoral program, take a close look at the faculty. What are their research interests? Which labs are most productive? Pay attention to whether faculty take on students or appear to have openings in their labs. Peruse the department page, faculty pages, and lab pages. Remember That an Admissions Essay is Simply an Essay By this time in your academic career, you have likely written a great many essays for class assignments and exams. Your admissions essay is similar to any other essay you have written. It has an introduction, body, and conclusion. Your admissions essay presents an argument, just as any other essay does. Granted, the argument concerns your capacities for graduate study and the outcome can determine the fate of your application. Regardless, an essay is an essay. Beginning is the Hardest Part of Writing I believe this holds true for all types of writing, but especially for drafting graduate admissions essays. Many writers stare at a blank screen and wonder how to begin. If you search for the perfect opening and delay writing until you find just the right angle, phrasing, or metaphor you may never write your graduate admissions essay. Writers block is common among applicants writing admissions essays. The best way to avoid writers block is to write something, anything. The trick to beginning your essay is to not start at the beginning. Write the parts that feel natural, such as how your experiences have driven your career choices. You will heavily edit whatever you write so dont worry about how you phrase your ideas. Simply get the ideas out. It is easier to edit than write so your goal as you begin your admissions essay is to simply write as much as you can. Edit, Proof, and Seek Feedback Once you have a rough draft of your admissions essay, keep in mind that it is a rough draft. Your task is to craft the argument, support your points, and construct an introduction and conclusion that guides readers. Perhaps the best piece of advice I can offer on writing your admissions essay is to solicit feedback from many sources, especially faculty. You may feel that you have made a good case and that your writing is clear, but if a reader cannot follow it, your writing isnt clear. As you write your final draft, check for common errors. Perfect your essay as best you can and once its submitted congratulate yourself for completing one of the most challenging tasks entailed in applying to graduate school.​

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Response - Essay Example They were trained to embrace death without fear or panic. To ensure they faced their dreadful challenges, as society’s militants, they were prepared psychologically to be ready for death by accepting to die when presented with a dilemmatic situation of choosing either life or death. The philosophy that deemed essence of Bushido undoubtedly helped to instill gallantry amongst the Samurai warriors. It was like they were fighting a battle they had nothing to lose. Their only mission was to take down as many enemies as possible. This religion/ philosophy influenced the psych of the warriors making them protect Japan from its foes. However, this philosophical concept is distinctly dissimilar from that Judeo-Christian view of death. In Judeo-Christian, people are alive until they physically die. The unrelenting wars that were seen in Japan during the mid-20th Century can be attributed to these cultural teachings that the fighters had. The Japanese World War II was battled by the philosophical conceptions that significantly motivated the warriors to engage in an unrelenting battle. As a matter of fact, the challenge Japan gave America and other nations during the World War was as a result of its deep culture that had saliently spelt out ‘dos’ and ‘don’ts’. As Benedict recounts, it was virtually difficult to understand the real nature of the Japanese culture. It is like the Japanese had a ‘bipolar’ culture that constituted all the extreme features. Its inimitability and unpredictability would confound every rival that sought to challenge Japan. No one knew what to include in the propaganda meant to demoralize the Japanese soldiers. Japan was a mystery. They were invincible; they were a real puzzle to the international community. The secret to Japan’s tenacity was on their deep cultural philosophy known as ‘Essence of Bushido’. The Japanese soldiers’ mental status